**1. Definition of Qiyas (القياس)**
**Qiyas** is an Islamic legal method of analogical reasoning used to derive rulings for new issues by comparing them to established rulings in the Quran, Sunnah, or Ijma (consensus) based on a shared underlying cause (**‘Illah**).
It is the **fourth source of Islamic law** after:
1. The Quran
2. The Sunnah
3. Ijma (Scholarly Consensus)
**2. Ruling on Qiyas**
- **Majority View (Sunni Schools):** Qiyas is a valid and essential tool in Islamic jurisprudence when no explicit text (Quran or Hadith) is available.
- **Hanafis, Malikis, Shafi’is, and Hanbalis** accept Qiyas but differ in its application.
- **Minority View (Zahiris & Some Shi’a Scholars):** Reject Qiyas, relying only on direct texts.
**3. Conditions for Valid Qiyas**
1. **Asl (Original Case):** Must have a clear ruling from Quran/Sunnah.
2. **Far’ (New Case):** The new issue must not have a direct ruling.
3. **‘Illah (Effective Cause):** The reason behind the ruling must be applicable to both cases.
4. **Hukm (Ruling):** The derived ruling must match the original.
**4. Examples of Qiyas**
| **Original Case (Asl)** | **New Case (Far’)** | **‘Illah (Cause)** | **Ruling (Hukm)** |
|--------------|-----------|-----------|--------
| **Alcohol (Khamr) is Haram (Quran 5:90)** | **Drugs (Cocaine, Heroin, etc.)** | Both cause intoxication and impair judgment | Drugs are Haram |
| **Stealing (Sariqah) requires hand amputation (Quran 5:38)** | **Digital Fraud (Hacking, Scams)** | Both involve unlawful taking of others’ property | Punishment may apply if conditions are met |
| **Riba (Interest) is Haram (Quran 2:275)** |
**Modern Banking Interest** | Both involve unfair increase without real trade | Interest is Haram |
| **Prohibition of harming others (Hadith: "No harm shall be inflicted or reciprocated")** | **Polluting the environment** | Both cause harm to society | Pollution is prohibited |
**5. Types of Qiyas**
1. **Qiyas Jali (Clear Analogy):** Strong, obvious ‘Illah (e.g., drugs compared to alcohol).
2. **Qiyas Khafi (Hidden Analogy):** Less obvious ‘Illah (e.g., comparing a grandfather to a father in inheritance).
**6. Controversial Cases & Differences Among Scholars**
- **Using Gold & Silver as currency (Zakat applies)**
→ **Can paper money be included ?**
- Some scholars apply Qiyas (since it serves the same purpose), others differ.
Here are **Examples of Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)**
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** 1. Qiyas on Intoxicants (Khamr) → Drugs**
**Original Case (Asl) – Quran 5:90:**
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَالْمَيْسِرُ وَالْأَنصَابُ وَالْأَزْلَامُ رِجْسٌ مِّنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
> *"O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful."* (Quran 5:90)
**New Case (Far’) – Drugs (Cocaine, Heroin, etc.)**
**‘Illah (Cause):** Both cause intoxication, cloud judgment, and harm society.
**Ruling:** Drugs are **Haram** (prohibited) by Qiyas.
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** 2. Qiyas on Theft (Sariqah) → Digital Fraud**
**Original Case (Asl) – Quran 5:38:**
وَالسَّارِقُ وَالسَّارِقَةُ فَاقْطَعُوا أَيْدِيَهُمَا جَزَاءً بِمَا كَسَبَا نَكَالًا مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ
> *"As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands as a penalty for what they have done—a deterrent from Allah. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise."* (Quran 5:38)
**New Case (Far’) – Hacking, Online Scams, Identity Theft**
**‘Illah (Cause):** Both involve unlawfully taking others' property.
**Ruling:** Severe punishment may apply if conditions are met (after proper Islamic judicial process).
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** 3. Qiyas on Riba (Interest) → Modern Banking Interest**
**Original Case (Asl) – Quran 2:275:**
الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ الرِّبَا لَا يَقُومُونَ إِلَّا كَمَا يَقُومُ الَّذِي يَتَخَبَّطُهُ الشَّيْطَانُ مِنَ الْمَسِّ
> *"Those who consume interest cannot stand [on Judgment Day] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity..."* (Quran 2:275)
**New Case (Far’) – Bank Interest, Credit Card Interest**
**‘Illah (Cause):** Both involve unjust increase without real trade.
**Ruling:** All forms of interest are **Haram** by Qiyas.
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** 4. Qiyas from Hadith – Prohibition of Harm
→ Environmental Pollution**
**Original Case (Asl) – Hadith:**
«لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ»
> *"There should be neither harming (darar) nor reciprocating harm (dirar)."*
(Sunan Ibn Majah 2340)
**New Case (Far’) – Industrial Pollution, Toxic Waste Dumping**
**‘Illah (Cause):** Both cause harm to people and the environment.
**Ruling:** Pollution is **prohibited** by Qiyas.
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** 5. Qiyas on Gold & Silver (Zakat) → Paper Money**
**Original Case (Asl) – Hadith:**
«وَفِى الرِّقَةِ رُبُعُ الْعُشْرِ»
> *"On silver, you must pay a quarter of one-tenth (2.5%) [as Zakat]."* (Sahih Bukhari 1405)
**New Case (Far’) – Paper Currency (Dollars, Euros, etc.)**
**‘Illah (Cause):** Both serve as a medium of exchange and store of value.
**Ruling:** Zakat is **obligatory** on paper money by Qiyas.
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**Conclusion**
These examples show how **Qiyas** is used to apply Quranic and Hadith rulings to new situations. The key is identifying the **‘Illah (underlying cause)** to ensure the analogy is valid.
