**ISLAMIC LEGAL MAXIMS (القواعد الفقهية)**
**”A compilation of Islamic principles—extracted from the book *Al-Mabādi’ fī Uṣūl Al-Fiqh* (Taught in the year 2004) — as Taught by my Honourable Teacher, Mentor, and Guide, Mufti Mufeez-ur-Rahman, at Madrasa Ibn Abbas, Karachi, Pakistan. May Allah preserve and protect him.”**
---
** 1. الْيَقِينُ لَا يَزُولُ بِالشَّكِّ**
**"Certainty is not overruled by doubt."**
- **Example**: If you’re certain you performed ablution (وُضُوءٌ) but later doubt it, you **do not** repeat it.
---
** 2. الْإِبَاحَةُ الْأَصْلِيَّةُ فِي الْأَشْيَاءِ**
**"The default ruling for things is permissibility."**
- **Example**: New foods (e.g., lab-grown meat) are **halal** unless proven harmful.
---
** 3. الْحُدُودُ تُدْرَأُ بِالشُّبُهَاتِ**
**"Hudud punishments are averted by doubts."**
- **Example**: A thief cannot be punished if there’s doubt about ownership of the stolen item.
---
[
** 4. لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ**
**"No harm or reciprocation of harm."**
- **Example**: Building a wall to block a neighbor’s sunlight is prohibited.
---
** 5. الضَّرُورَاتُ تُبِيحُ الْمَحْظُورَاتِ**
**"Necessity permits the prohibited."**
- **Example**: Eating pork to survive starvation is allowed.
---
** 6. إِذَا تَعَارَضَ الْمَانِعُ وَالْمُقْتَضِي، يُقَدَّمُ الْمَانِعُ**
**"When prevention and permissibility conflict, prevention takes precedence."**
- **Example**: If doubt invalidates prayer (مَانِعٌ), you must repeat it even if you initially intended correctly.
---
** 7. التَّابِعُ تَابِعٌ**
**"The subsidiary follows the principal."**
- **Example**: In a sale, warranties (e.g., defect-free) are automatically included unless stated otherwise.
---
** 8. يُرْتَكَبُ أَخَفُّ الضَّرَرَيْنِ لِدَفْعِ أَشَدِّهِمَا**
**"Choose the lesser harm to avoid the greater."**
- **Example**: Breaking a fast to save a life is **obligatory**.
---
** 9. مَا لَا يَتِمُّ الْوَاجِبُ إِلَّا بِهِ فَهُوَ وَاجِبٌ**
**"What is necessary to fulfill an obligation is itself obligatory."**
- **Example**: Learning **Surah Al-Fatihah** is required for valid prayer.
---
[
** 10. الْأُمُورُ بِمَقَاصِدِهَا**
**"Actions are judged by intentions."**
- **Example**: Donating for show (رِيَاءٌ) invalidates the reward.
---
** 11. الْمَشَقَّةُ تَجْلِبُ التَّيْسِيرَ**
**"Hardship begets facilitation."**
- **Example**: Travelers may **shorten prayers** (قَصْرُ الصَّلَاةِ).
---
** 12. الضَّرَرُ يُزَالُ**
**"Harm must be removed."**
- **Example**: Cleaning a public road of hazards is **obligatory**.
---
** 13. الْعَادَةُ مُحَكَّمَةٌ**
**"Custom is Authoritative."**
- **Example**: Business contracts follow local **commercial customs**.
---
** 14. الْعِبَادَةُ الْأَصْلُ فِيهَا التَّوْقِيفُ**
**"Worship is based on divine instruction (no Innovation)."**
- **Example**: Adding extra bowings (رَكَعَاتٌ) to prayer is **forbidden**.
---
** 15. الْإِيمَانُ شَرْطٌ لِصِحَّةِ الْعِبَادَةِ**
**"Faith is a condition for valid worship."**
- **Example**: A non-Muslim’s prayer is **not accepted**.
---
** 16. الِاجْتِهَادُ لَا يُنْقَضُ بِالِاجْتِهَادِ**
**"A juristic ruling cannot be overturned by another equivalent ruling."**
- **Example**: A judge’s verdict based on **ijtihad** stands even if another disagrees.
---
** 17. الْبَرَاءَةُ الْأَصْلِيَّةُ**
**"Innocence is the default state."**
- **Example**: A person is **presumed innocent** until proven guilty.
---
** 18. لَا ثَوَابَ إِلَّا بِالنِّيَّةِ**
**"No Reward without Intention."**
- **Example**: Accidentally giving charity earns **no reward**.
---
** 19. الْمُعَامَلَاتُ الْأَصْلُ فِيهَا الْإِبَاحَةُ**
**"Transactions are permissible unless proven otherwise."**
- **Example**: Cryptocurrency is **halal** unless it involves **riba (interest)**.
---
** 20. مَا جَازَ بِعُذْرٍ بَطَلَ بِزَوَالِهِ**
**"What is permitted due to an excuse becomes void when the excuse ends."**
- **Example**: A sick person praying sitting must **stand when healed**.
---
** 21. إِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْحَلَالُ وَالْحَرَامُ غُلِّبَ الْحَرَامُ**
**"When halal and haram mix, haram takes precedence."**
- **Example**: If halal and haram funds mix, avoid using them.
---
** 22. كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ**
**"All intoxicants are forbidden."**
- **Example**: Beer, wine, and drugs are **haram**.
---
** 23. مَا لَا يُدْرَكُ كُلُّهُ لَا يُتْرَكُ كُلُّهُ**
**"If you can’t achieve all, don’t abandon all."**
- **Example**: If you can’t fast all of Ramadan, fast what you can.
---
** 24. الْمَعْدُومُ شَرْعًا كَالْمَعْدُومِ حِسًّا**
**"What is nonexistent in law is like nonexistent in reality."**
- **Example**: Selling **unborn livestock** is invalid.
---
** 25. الْأَصْلُ بَقَاءُ مَا كَانَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ**
**"The default is the continuation of the prior state."**
- **Example**: If water was pure, it remains so unless **proven impure**.
---
** 26. كُلُّ مَا قُطِعَ مِنْ حَيٍّ فَهُوَ كَمَيْتَتِهِ**
**"What is cut from a living animal is like its dead flesh."**
- **Example**: Leather from a **living animal’s skin** is impure.
---
** 27. كُلُّ مَيْتَةٍ نَجِسَةٌ إِلَّا السَّمَكَ وَالْجَرَادَ**
**"All dead animals are impure except fish and locusts."**
- **Example**: A dead chicken is **impure**, but dead fish is **pure**.
---
[
** 28. تُكْرَهُ الصَّلَاةُ فِي قَارِعَةِ الطَّرِيقِ إِلَّا فِي الْبَرَارِي**
**"Praying on roadsides is disliked except in open land."**
- **Example**: Praying on a **busy street** is **makruh**.
---
** 29. كُلُّ الْجَمَادَاتِ طَاهِرَةٌ إِلَّا الْمُسْتَحِيلُ إِلَى نَتْنٍ أَوْ إِسْكَارٍ**
**"All inanimate objects are pure unless decomposed or intoxicating."**
- **Example**: Rotting food is **impure**.
---
** 30. كُلُّ مَا حُرِّمَ فِي الْإِحْرَامِ فَفِيهِ الْكَفَّارَةُ إِلَّا فِي عَقْدِ النِّكَاحِ وَشِرَاءِ الصَّيْدِ وَإِتْهَابِهِ**
**"Violations in Ihram require expiation except for marriage, hunting, or gifting game."**
- **Example**: Killing an animal in Ihram requires **compensation (كَفَّارَةٌ)**.
---
[
** 31. الْاعْتِبَارُ فِي تَصَرُّفَاتِ الْكُفَّارِ بِاعْتِقَادِنَا لَا بِاعْتِقَادِهِمْ**
**"Non-Muslims’ acts are judged by Islamic law, not their beliefs."**
- **Example**: A non-Muslim’s wine is **haram** even if they consider it permissible.
---
** 32. كُلُّ مَكْرُوهٍ فِي الصَّلَاةِ يُفَوِّتُ فَضِيلَتَهَا**
**"Disliked acts in prayer nullify its excellence."**
- **Example**: Excessive movement in prayer **reduces its reward**.
---
** 33. الْعُقُودُ تُفَسَّرُ بِالْمَقَاصِدِ وَالْمَعَانِي لَا بِالْأَلْفَاظِ**
**"Contracts are interpreted by intent, not just wording."**
- **Example**: A vague sales contract is judged by the **parties’ true intent**.
---
These ** maxims** are the **core principles** of Islamic jurisprudence (أُصُولُ الْفِقْهِ), used by scholars to derive rulings.
No comments:
Post a Comment